Cyborg Entrepreneurship

The Program

Research Programs

Four interconnected streams of inquiry, unified by the question of how entrepreneurs navigate a world increasingly shaped by AI. Each project feeds into the others — explore the research map to see how they connect.

Knowledge Problems & Entrepreneurial Reasoning

From Algorithmic Hallucinations to Alien Minds

Entrepreneurial Work & the Epistemic Risks of Generative AI in Entrepreneur Ideation Processes

Investigates how generative AI introduces novel epistemic risks into entrepreneurial ideation — from algorithmic hallucinations to the deeper challenge of reasoning alongside fundamentally alien cognitive systems.

with Judy Rady, Richard A. Huntforthcoming

Are the Futures Computable?

Knightian Uncertainty & Artificial Intelligence

Asks the foundational question of whether artificial intelligence can resolve Knightian uncertainty — the irreducible unknowns at the heart of entrepreneurial action — and argues that it cannot, with profound implications for how we understand AI-augmented entrepreneurship.

with Richard A. Hunt, Judy Rady, Parul Manocha, Ju Hyeong Jinpublished

The House Believes That the Entrepreneurship Field Will Remain Nothing But a Troubled Industry: Against the Motion

A Defense of Pluralism in Entrepreneurship Research

Argues against the claim that entrepreneurship is a 'troubled industry,' making the case that the field's pluralistic nature is not a deficiency but an invigorating strength — and that paradigmatic convergence is the wrong standard for judging a field organized around irreducible uncertainty.

with Richard A. Huntforthcoming

Do Androids Dream of Entrepreneurial Possibilities?

A Reply to Ramoglou et al.'s 'Artificial Intelligence Forces Us to Re-think Knightian Uncertainty'

Responds to critiques of 'Are the Futures Computable?' by deepening the argument that AI cannot resolve Knightian uncertainty, drawing on the metaphor of android consciousness to illuminate the gap between computation and genuine entrepreneurial possibility.

with Richard A. Hunt, Judy Rady, Parul Manocha, Ju Hyeong Jinpublished

Chance, Probability, & Uncertainty at the Edge of Human Reasoning

What is Knightian Uncertainty?

Provides a definitive conceptual clarification of Knightian uncertainty — distinguishing it from risk, ambiguity, and other forms of incomplete knowledge — and maps the boundaries of human reasoning under conditions of genuine unknowability.

with Richard A. Hunt, Judy Radypublished

Non-Probabilistic Reasoning in Navigating Entrepreneurial Uncertainty

A Psychology of Religious Faith Lens

Draws on the psychology of religious faith to illuminate how entrepreneurs use non-probabilistic reasoning to navigate genuine uncertainty — reasoning that neither reduces to intuition nor to calculation.

with Robert Pidduck, Lowell Busenitzpublished

Pivot, Persist, or Perish?

Knowledge Problems and the Extraordinarily Tight Boundary Conditions of Entrepreneurs as Scientists

Examines the extraordinarily tight boundary conditions under which the 'entrepreneur as scientist' model actually works, revealing how knowledge problems constrain the pivot-or-persist decision far more than lean startup theory acknowledges.

with Richard A. Hunt, Daniel Lerner, Katie Brownellpublished

Bridging Worlds

The Intersection of Religion and Entrepreneurship as Meaningful Heterodoxy

Examines the intersection of religion and entrepreneurship as a form of meaningful heterodoxy — where unconventional combinations of sacred and commercial logics create novel forms of value.

with Brett Smith, Ali Gümüsaypublished

Knowledge Problem (Mis)Diagnosis

and the Fate of Corporate Entrepreneurship Initiatives

Shows how misdiagnosing the type of knowledge problem facing a corporate entrepreneurship initiative leads to systematically inappropriate responses — and ultimately to initiative failure.

with Richard A. Hunt, Maximilian Stallkamp, Parul Manochapublished

Stakeholder Engagement, Knowledge Problems, and Ethical Challenges

Examines how knowledge problems create ethical challenges in stakeholder engagement — when organizations cannot know what they need to know, ethical obligations to stakeholders become fundamentally complicated.

with Ronald K. Mitchell, Robert M. Mitchell, Richard A. Hunt, Jae-Hee Leepublished

Entrepreneurial Action, Creativity, and Judgment in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

An early articulation of how artificial intelligence challenges foundational concepts in entrepreneurship theory — action, creativity, and judgment — setting the stage for the Cyborg Entrepreneurship research program.

with Richard A. Huntpublished

Uncertainty, Knowledge Problems, & Entrepreneurial Action

The foundational review that established knowledge problems as a central organizing concept for entrepreneurship theory — mapping how different types of uncertainty create different types of knowledge problems that demand different entrepreneurial responses.

with Richard A. Hunt, Jeffery S. McMullen, Saras Sarasvathypublished

To Start or Not to Start?

Ability and Outcome Expectations in the Decision to Start a New Entrepreneurial Venture

Examines how ability expectations and outcome expectations jointly influence the decision to start a new venture, revealing that these two forms of expectation operate through distinct cognitive mechanisms.

with Lowell W. Busenitz, Jonathan D. Arthurspublished

AI & Deep Tech Entrepreneurship

The Acceleration of Artificial Intelligence

Rethinking Organisation and Work in an Era of Rapid Technological Change

Examines how the rapid acceleration of artificial intelligence is fundamentally reshaping organization and work, demanding new frameworks for understanding the relationship between technological change and institutional adaptation.

with Dominic Chalmers, Richard A. Hunt, Stella Pachidi, Kristina Potocnikforthcoming

From Algorithmic Hallucinations to Alien Minds

Entrepreneurial Work & the Epistemic Risks of Generative AI in Entrepreneur Ideation Processes

Investigates how generative AI introduces novel epistemic risks into entrepreneurial ideation — from algorithmic hallucinations to the deeper challenge of reasoning alongside fundamentally alien cognitive systems.

with Judy Rady, Richard A. Huntforthcoming

Digital Battlegrounds

The Power Dynamics & Governance of Contemporary Platforms

Provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding the power dynamics and governance structures of contemporary digital platforms, revealing how platforms function as contested spaces where multiple stakeholders vie for control.

with Richard A. Hunt, Bob Nugent, Joseph Simpson, Maximilian Stallkamp, Esin Bodzagpublished

The Expectations Game

The Contingent Value of Hype as a Rhetorical Strategy in Early-stage Resource Mobilization Processes among AI Startups

Reveals how AI startups strategically deploy hype as a rhetorical resource in early-stage fundraising, and identifies the conditions under which hype creates versus destroys value in resource mobilization.

with Judy Rady, Richard A. Hunt, Joseph Simpsonpublished

Are the Futures Computable?

Knightian Uncertainty & Artificial Intelligence

Asks the foundational question of whether artificial intelligence can resolve Knightian uncertainty — the irreducible unknowns at the heart of entrepreneurial action — and argues that it cannot, with profound implications for how we understand AI-augmented entrepreneurship.

with Richard A. Hunt, Judy Rady, Parul Manocha, Ju Hyeong Jinpublished

Do Androids Dream of Entrepreneurial Possibilities?

A Reply to Ramoglou et al.'s 'Artificial Intelligence Forces Us to Re-think Knightian Uncertainty'

Responds to critiques of 'Are the Futures Computable?' by deepening the argument that AI cannot resolve Knightian uncertainty, drawing on the metaphor of android consciousness to illuminate the gap between computation and genuine entrepreneurial possibility.

with Richard A. Hunt, Judy Rady, Parul Manocha, Ju Hyeong Jinpublished

Entrepreneurial Action, Creativity, and Judgment in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

An early articulation of how artificial intelligence challenges foundational concepts in entrepreneurship theory — action, creativity, and judgment — setting the stage for the Cyborg Entrepreneurship research program.

with Richard A. Huntpublished

Resource Mobilization & Business Model Design

Black Entrepreneurship

Opportunities & Impediments Across the Business Venturing Lifecycle

Maps the opportunities and systematic impediments that Black entrepreneurs face across the full business venturing lifecycle, revealing how structural barriers compound at each stage.

with Trey Lewis, Richard A. Hunt, Maurice Murphyforthcoming

The Expectations Game

The Contingent Value of Hype as a Rhetorical Strategy in Early-stage Resource Mobilization Processes among AI Startups

Reveals how AI startups strategically deploy hype as a rhetorical resource in early-stage fundraising, and identifies the conditions under which hype creates versus destroys value in resource mobilization.

with Judy Rady, Richard A. Hunt, Joseph Simpsonpublished

Non-Probabilistic Reasoning in Navigating Entrepreneurial Uncertainty

A Psychology of Religious Faith Lens

Draws on the psychology of religious faith to illuminate how entrepreneurs use non-probabilistic reasoning to navigate genuine uncertainty — reasoning that neither reduces to intuition nor to calculation.

with Robert Pidduck, Lowell Busenitzpublished

A Tale of Two Impacts

Entrepreneurial Action and the Gender-Related Effects of Economic Policy Uncertainty

Reveals how economic policy uncertainty has differential effects on male and female entrepreneurs, demonstrating that the macro-environment shapes entrepreneurial action through gendered pathways.

with Parul Manocha, Richard A. Hunt, Maximilian Stallkamppublished

Getting a Foot in the Door

Trade Credit Strategies and the Pursuit of Entrepreneurial Internationalisation

Examines how entrepreneurial firms use trade credit as a strategic resource for internationalization — getting a 'foot in the door' of foreign markets through supplier relationships rather than equity financing.

with Richard A. Hunt, Mathew L. Hayward, Yue Song, Maximilian Stallkamppublished

Love Can't Buy You Money

Resource Exchange on Reward-Based Crowdfunding Platforms

Investigates the dynamics of resource exchange on reward-based crowdfunding platforms, revealing that social and relational motivations cannot substitute for economic value in resource mobilization.

with Tabitha James, Wenqi Shen, Marc Junkunc, Linda Wallacepublished

Internationalization of Entrepreneurial Firms

Leveraging Real Options Reasoning through Affordable Loss Logics

Shows how entrepreneurial firms combine real options reasoning with affordable loss logics to navigate the uncertainty of international expansion — a strategy that neither framework alone can explain.

with Richard A. Hunt, Yue Song, Maximilian Stallkamppublished

When Rising Tides Lift Some Boats More Than Others

Gender-Based Differences in the External Enablement of Entrepreneurship

Examines how external enablement mechanisms for entrepreneurship have differential effects across gender, revealing that policies designed to support entrepreneurship broadly may disproportionately benefit some groups over others.

with Parul Manocha, Richard A. Hunt, Maximilian Stallkamppublished

Urban Farmers and Cowboy Coders

Re-Imagining Rural Venturing for the 21st Century

Re-imagines rural venturing for the digital age — showing how technology enables new forms of entrepreneurship that blur the urban-rural divide while creating place-based value in underserved communities.

with Richard A. Hunt, Steffen Korsgaard, Alex Naarpublished

COVID-19 and the Importance of Space in Entrepreneurship Research and Policy

Argues that COVID-19 revealed the critical importance of spatial and place-based considerations in entrepreneurship research and policy — considerations that digital-first perspectives had marginalized.

with Steffen Korsgaard, Richard A. Hunt, Mads B. Ingstruppublished

Parental Endowments versus Business Acumen

Assessing the Fate of Low-Tech, Service-Sector Spinouts

Investigates whether the success of service-sector spinouts depends more on parental endowments (resources inherited from the parent firm) or the entrepreneurial acumen of the founding team.

with Richard A. Hunt, Daniel A. Lernerpublished

Bringing It All Back Home

Corporate Renewal through Spin-ins

Introduces the concept of 'spin-ins' — the reabsorption of entrepreneurial ventures back into their parent organizations — as a mechanism of corporate renewal.

with Richard A. Hunt, Daniel Lerner, Elham Asgaripublished

A Review and Roadmap of Entrepreneurial Equity Financing

VC, CVC, Angel Investment, Crowdfunding, & Accelerators

A comprehensive review and roadmap of the entrepreneurial equity financing landscape — venture capital, corporate venture capital, angel investment, crowdfunding, and accelerators — mapping how the ecosystem has evolved and identifying critical research frontiers.

with Will Drover, Sharon Matusik, Lowell Busenitz, Aaron Anglin, Gary Dushnitskypublished

The Emergence of Dual-Identity Social Entrepreneurship

Its Boundaries and Limitations

Examines how social ventures navigate the tensions of dual identity — pursuing both social impact and financial sustainability — and maps the boundary conditions where this duality breaks down.

with Lowell W. Busenitz, Mark P. Sharfman, Jason Harkinspublished

Turning Water into Wine?

Exploring the Role of Dynamic Capabilities in Early-Stage Capitalization Processes

Investigates whether early-stage ventures can use dynamic capabilities to transform limited resources into venture capital — 'turning water into wine' — and maps the boundary conditions of this process.

with Lowell W. Busenitzpublished

Becoming the Boss

Discretion and Post-Succession Success in Family Firms

Examines how successor discretion shapes post-succession outcomes in family firms, revealing that the latitude to act independently is a critical determinant of whether successions succeed or fail.

with J. Robert Mitchell, Timothy A. Hart, Sorin Valceapublished

Factor Payments, Resource-Based Bargaining, and the Creation of Firm Wealth in Technology-Based Ventures

Examines how resource-based bargaining dynamics shape firm wealth creation in technology-based ventures, connecting resource acquisition costs to venture performance outcomes.

with Lowell W. Busenitzpublished

Perceived Institutional Ambiguity and the Choice of Organizational Form in Social Entrepreneurial Ventures

Examines how perceived institutional ambiguity influences social entrepreneurs' choices of organizational form — for-profit, nonprofit, or hybrid — revealing that ambiguity in the institutional environment is a key driver of structural decisions.

with Timothy A. Hartpublished

Methods & Infrastructure

The Acceleration of Artificial Intelligence

Rethinking Organisation and Work in an Era of Rapid Technological Change

Examines how the rapid acceleration of artificial intelligence is fundamentally reshaping organization and work, demanding new frameworks for understanding the relationship between technological change and institutional adaptation.

with Dominic Chalmers, Richard A. Hunt, Stella Pachidi, Kristina Potocnikforthcoming

Digital Battlegrounds

The Power Dynamics & Governance of Contemporary Platforms

Provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding the power dynamics and governance structures of contemporary digital platforms, revealing how platforms function as contested spaces where multiple stakeholders vie for control.

with Richard A. Hunt, Bob Nugent, Joseph Simpson, Maximilian Stallkamp, Esin Bodzagpublished

The House Believes That the Entrepreneurship Field Will Remain Nothing But a Troubled Industry: Against the Motion

A Defense of Pluralism in Entrepreneurship Research

Argues against the claim that entrepreneurship is a 'troubled industry,' making the case that the field's pluralistic nature is not a deficiency but an invigorating strength — and that paradigmatic convergence is the wrong standard for judging a field organized around irreducible uncertainty.

with Richard A. Huntforthcoming

Red Giants or Black Holes?

The Antecedent Conditions and Multi-Level Impacts of Star Performers

Provides a comprehensive framework for understanding star performers — their antecedent conditions and whether they function as 'red giants' (radiating value outward) or 'black holes' (absorbing resources inward) — with multi-level impacts on teams, organizations, and fields.

with Elham Asgari, Richard A. Hunt, Daniel A. Lerner, Mathew L. Hayward, Kip Kieferpublished

A Review and Roadmap of Entrepreneurial Equity Financing

VC, CVC, Angel Investment, Crowdfunding, & Accelerators

A comprehensive review and roadmap of the entrepreneurial equity financing landscape — venture capital, corporate venture capital, angel investment, crowdfunding, and accelerators — mapping how the ecosystem has evolved and identifying critical research frontiers.

with Will Drover, Sharon Matusik, Lowell Busenitz, Aaron Anglin, Gary Dushnitskypublished

Performance Deviations and Acquisition Premiums

The Impact of CEO Celebrity on Managerial Risk-taking

Examines how CEO celebrity status influences managerial risk-taking in acquisition decisions, showing that celebrity CEOs pay higher premiums — particularly after performance deviations.

with Sam Cho, Jonathan D. Arthurs, Jeffrey Barden, Doug Millerpublished